THEORY OF POWER TRANSITORS AND APPLICATIONS FOR ENGINEERS AND ELECTRONIC DESIGNERS - Emanuel Eduardo Pires Vaz.UP, MIT, SORBONNE, JIC, NYAS

THEORY OF POWER TRANSITORS AND APPLICATIONS FOR ENGINEERS AND ELECTRONIC DESIGNERS

435 pages

Emanuel Eduardo Pires Vaz.UP, MIT, SORBONNE, JIC, NYAS

Público alvo: Engineering students of the second and third cycles of the universities and professional engineers and lovers of power electronics.

Contents: Effects of Static Electricity. Theory. Insulators and conductors. Two Basic Methods for Neutralizing Static. Conductivity Method. Replacement Method –Ionization. Methods of Ionization. An electrically powered static neutralizer. Nuclear powered static eliminators. Induction type equipment. Guidelines for selecting equipment. Ionizing air blowers. Static bars. Ionizing air guns and nozzles. Static removal dust systems. Static charge meters. Conductive wrist straps. Conductive and antistatic materials. Antistatic garments. Electrostatic discharge (ESD). Causes of ESD. Sparks.  Prevention.  Simulation and testing. Semi conducting materials. Nuclear structure.  Energy –momentum dispersion. Carrier generation and recombination. Doping. Dopants. Carrier concentration.  Effect on band structure. Free electron model. The free electron model of a metal.  The Kronig-Penney model. Energy bands of semiconductors.  Energy band diagrams of common semiconductors. Simple energy band diagram of a semiconductor.  Temperature dependence of the energy band gap. Doping dependence of the energy band gap. Electrons and holes in semiconductors. Holes are missing electrons. The effective mass concept.  Detailed description of the effective mass concept. Band structure of silicon. Simplified E-K diagram of silicon. Effective mass and energy band minima and maxima of Ge, Si, and GaAs. Effective mass for conductivity calculations. Derivation of the Kronig-Penney model. Atomic Structure.  Crystal Structure. Unit cell. Classification of crystals by symmetry.  Angles of the 7 basic crystalline structure. The Bravais lattices. Point and space groups. Crystal energy bands. Physical properties. Defects in crystals.  Crystal symmetry and physical properties. Miller indices. Energy band formation. Parabolic band. Non-parabolic band. Full band structure. Fermi Dirac statistics. Which distribution to use. A derivation. Another derivation. P-N junction. Depletion region. Depletion region details. Bias effect on electrons in depletion zone. Equilibrium of junction. Reverse bias.  Forward bias. P-N energy bands. Forward biased conduction. Conduction in semiconductors.Conduction in metals. Drift velocity. Charge density.  Current density. Conductivity. Resistance. Conduction in intrinsic semiconductors. Recombinations. Intrinsic concentration. Conductivity. n-type and p-type semiconductors. n-type semiconductor. p-type semiconductor. Mass-action law. Electrical neutrality. Conductivity.  Diffusion current. Recombination lifetime. The open-circuited p-n junction.  Depletion region. Built-in potential. The short-circuited p-n junction. The biased p-n junction. Reverse bias. Forward bias. Hall effect. What power electronics is. Power converters as switching matrices. The role of power filters. Diodes. Transient V-I characteristic of a diode. . Pulse number (Idriss number). Simplifying assumptions. Single-phase half-wave diode rectifier. Single-phase half-wave diode rectifier with R/L load. Single- phase half-wave diode rectifier – other loads. Single- phase full –wave rectifiers and continuous current.  Two- pulse rectifier with inductance filter. Power relationships. Three-phase diode rectifiers. Generalized center-tap rectifier.  Application of diode rectifiers. Equilibrium carrier concentrations. PN junctions.  Diode equation- neglecting recombination.  Diode equation with recombination.  Reverse saturation current.  Transistor operation. NPN common emitter switch.  NPN emitter follower switch.  Bipolar junction transistor. Transistor as current amplifier. Transistor structure. Constraints on transistor operation.  Transistor maximum values.  Transistor switch example. NPN common emitter switch. NPN emitter follower switch. Current transfer ratio. Emitter injection efficiency.  Avalanche multiplication ratio. Reverse saturation current. Transistor internal parameters. Alpha cut-off. Mathematical analysis. Transition capacitance. Fields in the space charge. Mathematical analysis.  Parametric considerations. Hybrid-pi model. BJT parameters. Bipolar transistor network. Two-port network. Defining equations. Impedance parameters.  Review of One-Port Circuits. Generalization to non linear circuits.  Finding the model parameters. Combinations of two –port models. Principle of reciprocity. T-Network Model. -network model. Cascaded two-port networks. The transistor at high frequencies. Transit time, Dispersion Effect. Alpha ( Current Frequency. High Frequency Equivalent Circuit.  Frequency Comparison of Point-Contact and Junction Transistors. High Frequency Circuits. I-F Amplifiers. I-F Coupling Circuits.  Neutralization.  RF Amplifiers. Limiters. Mixers. Power Suppliers. Transistor Life Expectancy. Transistor Ruggedness. Soldering Techniques. Temperature Effects. Transient Protection. Hybrid Parameters. Significance and Derivation. Resistance Parameters in Terms of Hybrid Parameters. Printed Circuit Techniques. Large Signal Models. The Ebers Moll Model. Base-width modulation. Heterojunction. Active mode operation. A sweeping collector voltage with base current constant in the saturation region.  Sweeping collector voltage with base current constant. . Sweeping collector voltage with base current constant. Other curves. Sweeping collector to emitter vs collector current for various base currents.  Elementary diode resistor transistor model. Current source model of transistor.  Bipolar transistors. Field- effect transistors. Schottky barrier. Bipolar junction transistor.  MESFET. The formation of one transistor.  LDMOS transistors rise to occasion. LDMOS Technology Evolution. LDMOS performance evolution at 3.6 GHz. Power technology overview. Problems on Bipolar Junction Transistor Theory. Analytic method for transistor oscillators design. Thyristors, AC/DC converters and other naturally commuted circuits. Type 2 switch thyristor. Steady –State V-I  Characteristic of a Thyristor. Two-Transistor Analogue for Explaining Thyristor turn-on.  Gate characteristics. Replacement of ignitrons by thyristors. Transient V-I Characteristic of a Thyristor. Thyristor protection. Average dissipation at low switching rate. Average dissipation at high switching rate.  Transmission line for transient thermal analysis. Cooling of power switching semiconductor devices. Contact thermal resistance. Heat-sinking for diodes and thyristors. High- frequency switching. Heat-sinking for IGBTs. Heat-sinking for power MOSFETs. Problem 1.11. Heat-sink design for a diode. Problem 2.11. Heat –sinking design for an IGBT-repetitive operation at high duty cycle. Problem 3.11. Heat-sinking for power MOSFETs –repetitive operation at high peak current, low duty cycle. Problem 4.11. Heat-sink design for a MOSFET-repetitive operation at high duty cycle. Problem 5.11. Two thermal elements on a common heat-sink. Problem 6.11. Six thermal elements in a common package. TRIACS.Gate turn-off thyristors, (GTOS).  Switching characteristics. Regenerative snubbers. Bipolar Power or Junction Transistors, (BPTS or BJTS).  Power MOSFETS. V-I Characteristics. Safe Induction Transistors, (SOA).  Static Induction Transistors, (SITS). Insulated gate bipolar transistors, (IGBTS).  Switching characteristics and thermal impedance. MOS-CONTROLLED THYRISTORS (MCTS). Integrated gate-commuted thyristors, (IGCTS).  Large band- gap materials for devices. Power integrated circuits, (PICS).  Two pulse AC/DC converter operating as a controlled rectifier. AC/DC converter as a linear amplifier. AC/DC converter as a DC motor drive.  Why do you use feedback control? Goals for this lesson.  Some examples.  Here’s another situation. What you’ll need. Proportional Control Systems.  What is a proportional control system? Steady State Analysis. Problems. 11.29. What does it all mean? Calculating SSE. Example/Experiment E1.  Example/Experiment E2. Example/Experiment E3. Example/Experiment E4. Getting the Closed Loop Transfer Function. Question.  Control system problem. Implementing Proportional Controllers. Analogue Implementation. Two-pulse semi converters. Two-pulse dual converter. Study of 3-phase line commuted thyristor converter circuit. Circuit Descriptions and principles. Triggering circuit. Harmonic Analysis of the Load Voltage and Load Current waveforms. Time domain Analysis.  Analysis of the single-phase full bridge inverter.  Glossary.